% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% etruscan.dtx
% Copyright 1999 Peter R. Wilson
%
% This program is provided under the terms of the
% LaTeX Project Public License distributed from CTAN
% archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt.
%
% Author: Peter Wilson (CUA and NIST) (now at: peter.r.wilson@boeing.com)
% 
% 
%<*driver>
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
\EnableCrossrefs
\CodelineIndex
\setcounter{StandardModuleDepth}{1}
\begin{document}
  \DocInput{etruscan.dtx}
\end{document}
%</driver>
%
% \fi
%
% \CheckSum{41}
%
% \DoNotIndex{\',\.,\@M,\@@input,\@addtoreset,\@arabic,\@badmath}
% \DoNotIndex{\@centercr,\@cite}
% \DoNotIndex{\@dotsep,\@empty,\@float,\@gobble,\@gobbletwo,\@ignoretrue}
% \DoNotIndex{\@input,\@ixpt,\@m}
% \DoNotIndex{\@minus,\@mkboth,\@ne,\@nil,\@nomath,\@plus,\@set@topoint}
% \DoNotIndex{\@tempboxa,\@tempcnta,\@tempdima,\@tempdimb}
% \DoNotIndex{\@tempswafalse,\@tempswatrue,\@viipt,\@viiipt,\@vipt}
% \DoNotIndex{\@vpt,\@warning,\@xiipt,\@xipt,\@xivpt,\@xpt,\@xviipt}
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% \DoNotIndex{\hsize,\hskip,\hspace,\hss,\if@tempswa,\ifcase,\or,\fi,\fi}
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%
% \changes{v1.0}{1999/03/14}{First public release}
%
% \def\fileversion{v1.0}
% \def\filedate{1999/03/14}
% \newcommand*{\Lpack}[1]{\textsf {#1}}           ^^A typeset a package
% \newcommand*{\Lopt}[1]{\textsf {#1}}            ^^A typeset an option
% \newcommand*{\file}[1]{\texttt {#1}}            ^^A typeset a file
% \newcommand*{\Lcount}[1]{\textsl {\small#1}}    ^^A typeset a counter
% \newcommand*{\pstyle}[1]{\textsl {#1}}          ^^A typeset a pagestyle
% \newcommand*{\Lenv}[1]{\texttt {#1}}            ^^A typeset an environment
% \newcommand{\BC}{\textsc{bc}}
% \newcommand{\AD}{\textsc{ad}}
%
% \title{The \Lpack{Etruscan} fonts\thanks{This
%        file has version number \fileversion, last revised
%        \filedate.}}
%
% \author{%
% Peter Wilson\\
% Catholic University of America \\
% Now at {\tt peter.r.wilson@boeing.com}
% }
% \date{\filedate}
% \maketitle
% \begin{abstract}
%    The \Lpack{etruscan} package provides a set of fonts for the Etruscan
% alphabet.
% \end{abstract}
% \tableofcontents
%
% \StopEventually{}
%
% 
%
% \section{Introduction}
%
% The Etruscan alphabet and characters is a direct ancestor of our modern day
% Latin alphabet and fonts. Scholars can read Etruscan writing, but they
% have little understanding of the language itself as, apart from proper names,
% the meanings of less than a score of words are known. The font presented here
% is one of a series showing the evolution of the modern Latin alphabet
% from its original Phoenician source to its modern day appearance.
% 
% This manual is typeset according to the conventions of the
% \LaTeX{} \textsc{docstrip} utility which enables the automatic
% extraction of the \LaTeX{} macro source files~\cite{GOOSSENS94}.
%
%    Section~\ref{sec:usc} describes the usage of the package.
% Commented code for the fonts is in Sections~\ref{sec:mf} and~\ref{sec:fd}
% and source code for the package is in Section~\ref{sec:code}.
%
% \subsection{An alphabetic tree}
%
%    Scholars are reasonably agreed that all the world's alphabets are descended
% from a Semitic alphabet invented about 1600~\BC{} in the Middle 
% East~\cite{DRUCKER95}. The word `Semitic' refers
% to the family of languages used in the geographical area from
% Sinai in the south, up the Mediterranean coast to Asia Minor in the north and
% west to the valley of the Euphrates.
%
%    The Phoenician alphabet was stable by about 1100~\BC{} and the script was
% written right to left. In earlier times the writing direction was variable, 
% and so were
% the shapes and orientation of the characters. The alphabet consisted of
% 22 letters and they were named after things. For example, their first two 
% letters were called \textit{aleph} (ox), and \textit{beth} (house). 
% The Phoenician script had
% only one case --- unlike our modern fonts which have both upper- and 
% lower-cases. In modern day terms the Phoenician abecedary was: \\
% A B G D E Y Z H $\Theta$ I K L M N O P ts Q R S T \\
% where the `Y' (\textit{vau}) character was sometimes written as `F', and
% `ts' stands for the \textit{tsade} character.
%
%    The Greek alphabet is one of the descendants of the Phoenician alphabet;
% another was Aramaic which is the ancestor of the Arabic, Persian and Indian 
% scripts.
% Initially Greek was written right to left but around the 6th C~\BC{} became 
% \textit{boustrophedron}, meaning that the lines 
% alternated in direction. At about 500~\BC{} the writing direction stabilised 
% as left to 
% right. The Greeks modified the Phoenician alphabet to match the vocalisation
% of their language. They kept the Phoenician names of the letters, suitably
% `greekified', so \textit{aleph} became the familar \textit{alpha} and 
% \textit{beth} became \textit{beta}. At this
% point the names of the letters had no meaning. Their were several variants
% of the Greek character glyphs until they were finally fixed in Athens in
% 403~\BC.
% The Greeks did not develop a lower-case 
% script until about 600--700~\AD.
%
%    The Etruscans based their alphabet on the Greek one, and again modified it.
% However, the Etruscans wrote right to left, so their borrowed characters are 
% mirror images of the original Greek ones. Like the Phoenicians, the Etruscan
% script consisted of only one case; they died out before ever needing a
% lower-case script. The Etruscan script was used up until the first century 
% \AD, even though the Etruscans themselves had dissapeared by that time.
% 
%
%    In turn, the Romans based their alphabet on the Etruscan one, but as they 
% wrote left to right, the characters were again mirrored (although the early
% Roman inscriptions are boustrophedron). 
%
%    As the English alphabet is descended from the Roman alphabet
% it has a pedigree of some three and a half thousand years.
%
% \section{The \Lpack{etruscan} package} \label{sec:usc}
%
%    The Etruscan alphabet originally consisted of 26 letters but by about
% 450~\BC{} had decreased to only 20.
% The Etruscan font as provided here consists of 27 letters. The font is 
% mainly based on an 8th C~\BC{} Etruscan abecedary in the Museo Archeologico, 
% Florence, together with one character that looks like our digit 8 as shown
% by Richard Firmage~\cite{FIRMAGE93}. I also used information from the
% \textit{Encyclopedia Brittanica}.
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\TTheta}
% \DescribeMacro{\TXi}
% \DescribeMacro{\Tsade}
% \DescribeMacro{\TPhi}
% \DescribeMacro{\TPsi}
% Many of the Etruscan characters 
% have a direct correspondence with the modern Latin alphabet. 
% For those characters that have a direct correspondance I have mapped
% the Etruscan letter to the uppercase Latin letter. For those Etruscan characters
% have no Latin parallel but do have a Greek parallel, I have provided commands
% similar to the normal \LaTeX{} commands for greek, but with a `T' prefix.
% For example, |\TTheta| for the Etruscan version of the Greek Theta 
% ($\Theta$). (The `T' prefix is because these commands can be used outside
% math mode). The |\Tsade| is for accessing the Etruscan version of the
% Phoenician \textit{tsade} character. The Etruscan
% character that looks like the digit 8, and stands for an `f' sound, I have
% mapped to the digit 8.
% 
% The letter sequence
% for the Etruscan alphabet in this mapping is:\\
% |A B G D E F Z H \TTheta I K L M N \TXi O P \Tsade Q R S T U X \EPhi \EPsi 8|.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\tTheta}
% \DescribeMacro{\tXi}
% \DescribeMacro{\tsade}
% \DescribeMacro{\tPhi}
% \DescribeMacro{\tPsi}
%    I have also provided a font for right-to-left writing, where the characters
% appear as mirror images. This reversed font is accessible by typing the
% lower-case Latin characters rather than the upper-case ones (or the other
% commands as for the left-to-right font, but starting with a lower-case version
% of the initial letter of the command). The `8' character is the same in both
% fonts. The abecedary as the Etruscans would have written it (right to left) 
% in this form is: \\
% |8 \tPsi \tPhi x u t s r q \tsade p o \tXi n m l k i \tTheta h z f e d g b a|.
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\etrfamily}
%    This command selects the Etruscan font family. The family name is |etr|.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\textetr}
% The command |\textetr{|\meta{text}|}| typesets \meta{text} in the
% Etruscan font.
%     
%
% \section{The Metafont code} \label{sec:mf}
%
% \subsection{The parameter file}
%
%    We deal with the parameter file first, and start by announcing
% what it is for.
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*up>
%%% ETR10.MF  Computer Etruscan font 10 point design size.

%    \end{macrocode}
%    Specify the font size.
%    \begin{macrocode}

font_identifier:="etruscan"; font_size 10pt#;

%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{u} 
% \begin{macro}{ht} 
% \begin{macro}{s} 
% \begin{macro}{o} 
% \begin{macro}{px} 
% \begin{macro}{font-normal-space} 
% \begin{macro}{font-normal-shrink} 
% \begin{macro}{font-x-height} 
% \begin{macro}{font-quad} 
%    Define the very simple font parameters.
%    \begin{macrocode}
u#:=.2pt#;                 % unit width
ht#:=7pt#;                 % height of characters (CM cap-height is approx 6.8pt)
s#:=1.5pt#;                % width correction (right and left)
o#:=1/20pt#;               % overshoot
px#:=.7pt#;                % horizontal width of pen
font_normal_space:=7pt#;   % width of a blank space
font_normal_shrink:=.9pt#; % width correction for blank space
font_x_height:=4.5pt#;     % height of one ex
font_quad:=10pt#;          % an em

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%    Finally, call the driver file for the Etruscan font.
%    \begin{macrocode} 
input etrtitle      %% switch to the driver file---Etruscan title

end

%</up>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \subsection{The driver file}
%
%    Announce the file and switch into Metafont mode
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*mfd>
% This is ETRTITLE.MF. It makes the short Etruscan font.

font_coding_scheme:="Etruscan glyphs";
mode_setup;

%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{ho}
% \begin{macro}{leftloc}
% \begin{macro}{py}
%  Perform additional setup.
%    \begin{macrocode}
ho#:=o#;                   % horizontal overshoot
leftloc#:=s#;        % leftmost xcoord of character
py#:=.9px#;                % vertical thickness of the pen

define_pixels(s,u);
define_blacker_pixels(px,py);
define_good_x_pixels(leftloc);
define_corrected_pixels(o);             % turn on overshoot correction
define_horizontal_corrected_pixels(ho);  

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{midloc}
% \begin{macro}{rightloc}
%    Variables for the middle xcoord and rightmost xcoord of a character.
%    \begin{macrocode}
numeric midloc, rightloc;
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{stylus}
%    Define the pen.
%    \begin{macrocode}
pickup pencircle xscaled px yscaled py;
stylus:=savepen;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{beginglyph}
%    A macro to save some typing of beginchar arguments.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def beginglyph(expr code, unit_width) =
  beginchar(code, unit_width*ht#+2s#, ht#, 0);
  midloc:=1/2w; rightloc:=(w-s);
  pickup stylus enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{cmchar}
%    |cmchar| should precede each character
%    \begin{macrocode}
let cmchar=\;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% 
%    Finally, input the file that does all the work.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
input etrglyph;        % Etruscan glyphs

end

%</mfd>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \subsection{The glyph code}
%
%    The following code generates the glyphs for the Etruscan font. The characters
% are defined in the Etruscan alphabetic ordering.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*maj>
% ETRGLYPH.MF Program file for Etruscan font.
%
%
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{A}
%    The letter A. Much like our modern A, and symmetrical. It corresponds to the
% Phoenician \textit{alpeh} and the Greek \textit{alpha} ($A$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter A";
beginglyph("A",0.6);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc;    % base points
bot y1 = bot y3 = -o;
x2 = midloc; top y2 = h;    % apex
% draw the legs
draw z1--z2--z3;
z4 = 0.4[z1, z2]; z5 = 0.4[z3,z2];
% draw the bar
draw z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5);
endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{B}
%    The letter B, which is similar to our modern B, and is asymmetric.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{beth} and the Greek \textit{beta} ($B$)
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter B";
beginglyph("B",0.6);
x1=x3=x5=leftloc;
x2=x4=rightloc; 
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=1/4h; y3=1/2h; y4=3/4h;
draw z1--z5;      % the upright
draw z1{right}..z2..z3{left};  % lower bowl
draw z3{right}..z4..z5{left};  % upper bowl
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{G}
%    The letter G. This corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{gimel} and the Greek 
% \textit{gamma} ($\Gamma$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter G";
beginglyph("G", 0.6);
x1=rightloc; 
x2=leftloc; 
x3=0.1[x2,x1];
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1...z2{left}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{D}
%    The letter D. Our modern D is recognisably present.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{daleth} and the Greek \textit{delta} ($\Delta$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter D";
beginglyph("D",0.6);
x1=x3=leftloc;
x2=rightloc; 
bot y1=-o; y3=h;
y2=1/2h;
draw z1--z3;      % the upright
draw z1..z2..z3;  % bowl
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{E}
%    The letter E. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{he} and the Greek \textit{epsilon} ($E$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter E";
beginglyph("E",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x5=x6=x7=leftloc;
x1=x2=x3=rightloc; 
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.7h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7;                           % the upright
draw z1--z5; draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{F}
%    The letter F. This is like a 2-armed E.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{vau}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter F";
beginglyph("F",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x5=x6=x7=leftloc;
x1=x2=x3=rightloc; 
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.6h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7;                           % the upright
draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7;              % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Z}
%    The letter Z. This looks like our uppercase letter I.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{zayin} and the Greek \textit{zeta}  ($Z$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter Z";
beginglyph("Z",0.2);
x1=x2=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
draw z1--z2;         % the upright
x3=x5=leftloc; x4=x6=rightloc;
y3=y4=y1;  y5=y6=y2;
draw z3--z4;         % lower bar
draw z5--z6;         % upper bar
labels(1,2); endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% 
%
%
% \begin{macro}{H}
%    The letter H. It looks like a rectangle with two horizontal internal bars.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{XXX} and the Greek \textit{eta} ($H$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter H";
beginglyph("H", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x6=leftloc;
x1=x3=rightloc; 
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.35[z1,z3]; z5=0.35[z4,z6]; % ends of one bar
z7=0.65[z1,z3]; z8=0.65[z4,z6]; % other bar
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle;     % outer boundary
draw z2--z5; draw z7--z8;       % the bars

labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Theta}
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{teth} and the Greek \textit{theta}  ($\Theta$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter Theta";
beginglyph(oct"002",1.0);
path p;
x1=leftloc; 
x3=rightloc;
y2=h;
y4=0;
x2=x4=midloc;
y1=y3=h/2;
z100=(x2,y3);  % circle center
p = z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;
z11= (z100--(leftloc,h)) intersectionpoint p;
z12= (z100--(rightloc,h)) intersectionpoint p;
z13= (z100--(rightloc,0)) intersectionpoint p;
z14= (z100--(leftloc,0)) intersectionpoint p;
draw p;
draw z11--z13; draw z12--z14;   % the cross
labels(1,2,3,4,11,12,13,14); endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{I}
%    The letter I.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{XXX}and the Greek \textit{iota}  ($I$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter I";
beginglyph("I",0.2);
x1=x2=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
draw z1--z2;
labels(1,2); endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{K}
%    The letter K.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{kaph} and the Greek \textit{kappa} ($K$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter K";
beginglyph("K",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=rightloc; 
x2=x1+alpha*(w-s); 
x3=x4=x5=leftloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o; 
y2=y5=h; y4=1/2h;
draw z3--z5;                           % the upright
draw z1--z4; draw z4--z2;              % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{L}
%    The letter L. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{lamed} and the Greek \textit{lambda} ($\Lambda$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter L";
beginglyph("L",0.4);
x2=x3=leftloc;
x1=rightloc; 
bot y2=-o; 
y1=.3h;
y3=h;
draw z2--z3;               % the upright
draw z2--z1;               % the arms
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{M}
%    The letter M. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{mem}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar"Etruscan letter M";
beginglyph("M",1.0);
x1=rightloc;
x5=x6=leftloc;
x2=3/4[x5,x1]; x3=1/2[x5,x1]; x4=1/4[x5,x1]; 
bot y6= -o;
top y5= top y3 = h;
top y1=.8h;
y2=.6h;
y4=.7h;
draw z6--z5;
draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{N}
%    The letter N. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{nun} and the Greek \textit{nu} ($N$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter N";
beginglyph("N",0.6);
x1=rightloc;
x3=midloc; x2=x4=leftloc;
bot y2=-o;
top y1= top y4= h;
y3=.7h;
draw z2--z4;
draw z1--z3--z4;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{Xi}
%    The letter corresponding to the Greek \textit{xi} ($\Xi$). It looks like a `boxed' 
% version of the modern H.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{XXX}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter Xi";
beginglyph(oct"004", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x6=leftloc;
x1=x3=rightloc; 
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.5[z1,z3]; z5=0.5[z4,z6];
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle;   % outer boundary
draw z2--z5;                  % bar
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{O}
%    The letter O. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{ayen} and the Greek \textit{omicron} ($O$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter O";
beginglyph("O",1.0);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc;
y2=h; y4=0;
x2=x4=midloc;
y1=y3=h/2;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{P}
%    The letter P.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{pe} and the Greek \textit{pi} ($\Pi$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter P";
beginglyph("P", 0.4);

x1=rightloc; x2=x3=leftloc;
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1..z2{left}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{W}
%    The Etruscans had a letter that looks like a modern M, and in the same
% position as the Phoenician \textit{tsade}. As in my Phoenician font, I'll
% map this to W (which is not in the Etruscan abecedary).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan lookalike M letter (tsade)";
beginglyph("W",0.8);
x1=x2=leftloc;
x4=x5=rightloc;
x3=midloc;
top y2= top y5= h;
bot y1=bot y4= -o;
y3=.7h;
draw z1--z2--z3--z5--z4; 
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Q}
%    The letter Q. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{qoph}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter Q";
beginglyph("Q",0.6);
numeric alpha;
x1=leftloc;
x3=rightloc;
alpha=0.5(x3-x1);  % circle radius
y2=h;
y4=y2-2alpha;
bot y5=-o;
x2=x4=x5=midloc;
y1=y3=h-alpha;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;  % the circle
draw z5--z4;                 % the upright
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{R}
%    The letter R. It looks somewhat like a 4.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{resh} and the Greek \textit{rho} ($R$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter R";
beginglyph("R", 0.4);
x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
y3=y4=0.5h; 
draw z1--z2--z4--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{S}
%    The letter S. 
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{shin} and the Greek \textit{sigma} ($\Sigma$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter S";
beginglyph("S", 0.4);
x1=x2=rightloc; x3=x4=leftloc; x5=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=y3=0.4h; y4=0.8h;
draw z1--z3--z2--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{T}
%    The letter T.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{tav} and the Greek \textit{tau} ($T$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter T";
beginglyph("T", 0.6);
x1=rightloc; x4=leftloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h;
y1=.9h;
z3=0.5[z1,z4];
x2=x3;
draw z2--z3;      % the stem
draw z1--z4;      % the bar
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{U}
%    The letter U. This comes from the Greek \textit{upsilon} ($\Upsilon$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter U";
beginglyph("U", 0.6);
x1=rightloc; x4=leftloc;
bot y2=-o; y1=0.9h;
top y4=h;
x2=x3=0.6[x4,x1];
y3=.6h;
draw z2--z3;          % the stem
draw z1--z3--z4;      % the V
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{X}
%    The letter corresponding to the Greek \textit{chi} ($X$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter X";
beginglyph("X", 0.6);
x1=x2=leftloc; x3=x4=rightloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o; top y2= top y4=h;
draw z1--z4; draw z2--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Phi}
%    The Etruscan version of the Greek \textit{phi} ($\Phi$).
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter Phi";
beginglyph(oct"010",0.6);
numeric alpha;
x1=leftloc; 
x3=rightloc;
alpha=0.5(x3-x1);  % circle radius
y2=h;
y4=y2-2alpha;
bot y5=-o;
x2=x4=x5=midloc;
y1=y3=h-alpha;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;  % the circle
draw z5--z2;                 % the upright
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Psi}
%    The Etruscans had the Greek \textit{psi} ($\Psi$) letter.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter Psi";
beginglyph(oct"011", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc;
x2=x4=midloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h; y1=y3=y4;
z5=0.5[z2,z4];
draw z2--z4;      % the stem
draw z1--z5--z3;  % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{8}
%    The Etruscans used a character that looks like the digit 8 for an
% `f' sound.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter 8";
beginglyph("8", 0.6);
x2=x6=leftloc; 
x4=x7=rightloc; 
x1=x3=x5=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h; y3=0.5h;
y2=y7=0.25h;
y6=y4=0.75h;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..z5..z6..z3..z7..cycle;
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%     The following characters are for the normal Etruscan writing mode
% of right to left. The characters are mirror images of the ASCII uppercase
% counterparts. Symmetric characters that are called by \LaTeX{} commands
% need not be coded.
% 
% \begin{macro}{a}
%    The letter A. This is symmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter a";
beginglyph("a",0.6);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc;    % base points
bot y1 = bot y3 = -o;
x2 = midloc; top y2 = h;    % apex
% draw the legs
draw z1--z2--z3;
z4 = 0.4[z1, z2]; z5 = 0.4[z3,z2];
% draw the bar
draw z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5);
endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{b}
%    The letter B, which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter b";
beginglyph("b",0.6);
x2=x4=leftloc; x1=x3=x5=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=1/4h; y3=1/2h; y4=3/4h;
draw z1--z5;      % the upright
draw z1{left}..z2..z3{right};  % lower bowl
draw z3{left}..z4..z5{right};  % upper bowl
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{g}
%    The letter G which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter g";
beginglyph("g", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x2=rightloc; x3=0.9rightloc;
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1...z2{right}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{d}
%    The letter D which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter d";
beginglyph("d",0.6);
x2=leftloc; x1=x3=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; y3=h;
y2=1/2h;
draw z1--z3;      % the upright
draw z1..z2..z3;  % bowl
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{e}
%    The letter E which is asymmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter e";
beginglyph("e",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=x5=x6=x7=rightloc;
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.7h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7;                           % the upright
draw z1--z5; draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{f}
%    The letter F which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter f";
beginglyph("f",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=x5=x6=x7=rightloc;
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.6h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7;                           % the upright
draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7;              % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{z}
%    The letter Z. This is symmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter z";
beginglyph("z",0.2);
x1=x2=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
draw z1--z2;         % the upright
x3=x5=leftloc; x4=x6=rightloc;
y3=y4=y1;  y5=y6=y2;
draw z3--z4;         % lower bar
draw z5--z6;         % upper bar
labels(1,2); endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{h}
%    The letter H which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter h";
beginglyph("h", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=x3=rightloc; x4=x6=leftloc;
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.5[z1,z3]; z5=0.5[z4,z6];
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle;   % outer boundary
draw z2--z5;                  % bar
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{i}
%    The letter I which is symmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter i";
beginglyph("i",0.2);
x1=x2=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
draw z1--z2;
labels(1,2); endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{k}
%    The letter K which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter k";
beginglyph("k",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=leftloc; x2=x1+alpha*(w-s); x3=x4=x5=rightloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o; 
y2=y5=h; y4=1/2h;
draw z3--z5;                           % the upright
draw z1--z4; draw z4--z2;              % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{l}
%    The letter L which is asymmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter l";
beginglyph("l",0.4);
x1=leftloc; x2=x3=rightloc;
bot y2=-o; 
y1=.3h;
y3=h;
draw z2--z3;               % the upright
draw z2--z1;               % the arms
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{m}
%    The letter M which is asymmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar"Etruscan letter m";
beginglyph("m",1.0);
x1=leftloc;
x5=x6=rightloc;
x2=1/4[x1,x5]; x3=1/2[x1,x5]; x4=3/4[x1,x5]; 
bot y6= -o;
top y5= top y3 = h;
top y1=.8h;
y2=.6h;
y4=.7h;
draw z6--z5;
draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{n}
%    The letter N which is asymmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter n";
beginglyph("n",0.6);
x1=leftloc;
x3=midloc; x2=x4=rightloc;
bot y2=-o;
top y1= top y4= h;
y3=.7h;
draw z2--z4;
draw z1--z3--z4;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{o}
%    The letter O which is symmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter o";
beginglyph("o",1.0);
x1=leftloc; 
x3=rightloc;
top y2=h;
bot y4=-o;
x2=x4=midloc;
y1=y3=h/2;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{p}
%    The letter P which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter p";
beginglyph("p", 0.4);
x1=leftloc; x2=x3=rightloc;
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1..z2{right}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{Q}
%    The letter Q which is symmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter q";
beginglyph("q",0.6);
numeric alpha;
x1=leftloc;
x3=rightloc;
alpha=0.5*(x3-x1);  % circle radius
y2=h;
y4=y2-2*alpha;
bot y5=-o;
x2=x4=x5=midloc;
y1=y3=h-alpha;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;  % the circle
draw z5--z4;                 % the upright
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{r}
%    The letter R which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter r";
beginglyph("r", 0.4);
x1=x2=x3=rightloc; x4=leftloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
y3=y4=0.5h;
draw z1--z2--z4--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{s}
%    The letter S which is asymmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter s";
beginglyph("s", 0.4);
x1=x2=leftloc; x3=x4=rightloc; x5=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=y3=0.4h; y4=0.8h;
draw z1--z3--z2--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{t}
%    The letter T which is asymmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter t";
beginglyph("t", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x4=rightloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h;
y1=.9h;
z3=0.5[z1,z4];
x2=x3;
draw z2--z3;      % the stem
draw z1--z4;      % the bar
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{u}
%    The letter U which is asymmetrical. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter u";
beginglyph("u", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x4=rightloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h;
y1=.9h;
x2=x3=0.4(w-s);
y3=.6h;
draw z2--z3;          % the stem
draw z1--z3--z4;      % the V
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{x}
%    The letter X which is symmetrical.
%    \begin{macrocode}
 
cmchar "Etruscan letter x";
beginglyph("x", 0.6);
x1=x2=leftloc; x3=x4=rightloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o; top y2= top y4=h;
draw z1--z4; draw z2--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
 
%</maj> 
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%
% \section{The font definition files} \label{sec:fd}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*fdot1>
\DeclareFontFamily{OT1}{etr}{}
  \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{m}{n}{ <-> etr10 }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{bx}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{b}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{m}{sl}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{m}{it}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
%</fdot1>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*fdt1>
\DeclareFontFamily{T1}{etr}{}
  \DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{m}{n}{ <-> etr10 }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{bx}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{b}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{m}{sl}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
  \DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{m}{it}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
%</fdt1>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \section{The \Lpack{etruscan} package code} \label{sec:code}
%
%    Announce the name and version of the package, which requires
% \LaTeXe{}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*usc>
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{etruscan}[1999/03/14 v1.0 package for Etruscan fonts]
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\etrfamily}
%    Selects the Etruscan font family in the OT1 encoding.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand{\etrfamily}{\usefont{OT1}{etr}{m}{n}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\textetr}
%    Text command for the Etruscan font family.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textetr}{\etrfamily}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\TTheta}
% \begin{macro}{\TXi}
% \begin{macro}{\Tsade}
% \begin{macro}{\TPhi}
% \begin{macro}{\TPsi}
%    The Etruscan $\Theta$ (Theta), $\Xi$ (Xi), M-lookalike, 
% $\Phi$ (Phi), and $\Psi$ (Psi).
%    \begin{macrocode}
\chardef\TTheta='002
\chardef\TXi='004
\chardef\Tsade=`W
\chardef\TPhi='010
\chardef\TPsi='011
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\tTheta}
% \begin{macro}{\tXi}
% \begin{macro}{\tsade}
% \begin{macro}{\tPhi}
% \begin{macro}{\tPsi}
%    The Etruscan $\Theta$ (Theta), $\Xi$ (Xi), M-lookalike, 
% $\Phi$ (Phi), and $\Psi$ (Psi) called as lowercase commands.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\chardef\tTheta='002
\chardef\tXi='004
\chardef\tsade=`W
\chardef\tPhi='010
\chardef\tPsi='011
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%    The end of this package.
%    \begin{macrocode}
%</usc>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \bibliographystyle{alpha}
%
% \begin{thebibliography}{GMS94}
%
% \bibitem[Dru95]{DRUCKER95}
% Johanna Drucker.
% \newblock {\em The Alphabetic Labyrinth}.
% \newblock Thames and Hudson, 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Fir93]{FIRMAGE93}
% Richard A.~Firmage.
% \newblock {\em The Alphabet Abecedarium}.
% \newblock David R.~Goodine, 1993.
%
%
% \bibitem[GMS94]{GOOSSENS94}
% Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin.
% \newblock {\em The LaTeX Companion}.
% \newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.
%
%
% \end{thebibliography}
%
%
% \Finale
% \PrintIndex
%
\endinput

%% \CharacterTable
%%  {Upper-case    \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%%   Lower-case    \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%%   Digits        \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%%   Exclamation   \!     Double quote  \"     Hash (number) \#
%%   Dollar        \$     Percent       \%     Ampersand     \&
%%   Acute accent  \'     Left paren    \(     Right paren   \)
%%   Asterisk      \*     Plus          \+     Comma         \,
%%   Minus         \-     Point         \.     Solidus       \/
%%   Colon         \:     Semicolon     \;     Less than     \<
%%   Equals        \=     Greater than  \>     Question mark \?
%%   Commercial at \@     Left bracket  \[     Backslash     \\
%%   Right bracket \]     Circumflex    \^     Underscore    \_
%%   Grave accent  \`     Left brace    \{     Vertical bar  \|
%%   Right brace   \}     Tilde         \~}